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Undefined references can have different reasons. Here are some:
1) The most common issue is about the the inline behavior. clang is following by default the C99 standard while gcc promote GNU89.
The following code will build with gcc but fails with:
main.c:(.text+0x12): undefined reference to `xrealloc'

// the right declaration in C99 is:
// static inline void xrealloc() 
inline void xrealloc() { }

int main(){
    xrealloc();
    return 1;
}

besides the static, the command:
clang -std=gnu89 -o plop.exe main.c
will fix the issue.
See the clang website for more information.

2) An other issue is that gcc is that gcc optimizes the call to some functions at -O0 (causing -lm to be not necessary)

#include <math.h>
// Works: gcc -O0 -o plop plop.c 
// Fails:  clang -O0 -o plop plop.c
// Works: clang -lm -O0 -o plop plop.c
int main() {
    double plop = fabs(2.0);
    return 1;
}

3) There are also some rare issues with the --relocatable/-r linker flag.

Package	Version	Supposed error message	Full log	Bug report
abook	0.6.0~pre2-3	filter.c:754: undefined reference to `field_id'	Log	756536
adplug	2.2.1+dfsg3-0.1	../src/.libs/libadplug.so: undefined reference to `OPL_CALC_RH'	Log
afterstep	2.2.11-7	asvector.c:299: undefined reference to `vector_move_data_up'	Log
alsa-tools	1.0.27-2	as10k1.c:524: undefined reference to `output_tram_line'	Log	756805
altos	1.2.1-2	ld: /tmp/ao_fat_test-b2pJXc.o: undefined reference to symbol 'MD5_Final@@OPENSSL_1.0.0'	Log
amide	1.0.1-1	ui_study_cb.c:554: undefined reference to `amitk_space_b2s'	Log
anjuta	2:3.4.3-1	anjuta-token-test.c:205: undefined reference to `llvm_gcda_start_file'	Log
asmon	0.71-5	../wmgeneral/misc.c:(.text+0x26c): undefined reference to `list_cons'	Log
audacity	2.0.3-1	fftlib.c:1050: undefined reference to `bfstages'	Log	757531
autofs	5.0.7-3	automount.c:1403: undefined reference to `dump_core'	Log	757038
bandwidthd	2.0.1+cvs20090917-6	graph.c:73: undefined reference to `HostIp2CharIp'	Log	757040
bbrun	1.6-6	misc.c:122: undefined reference to `list_cons'	Log	757042
bwm-ng	0.6-3.1	bwm-ng.c:212: undefined reference to `get_iface_stats'	Log	757167
cmph	0.9-1	./.libs/libcmph.so: undefined reference to `__jenkins_hash_vector'	Log
covered	0.7.10-1	lxt.c:153: undefined reference to `lxt2_rd_get_num_facs'	Log	757263
crimson	0.5.2-1	path.h:76: undefined reference to `vtable for Path'	Log
crm114	20100106-3	crm_svm_matrix.h:252: undefined reference to `vector_set'	Log	757266
cvsgraph	1.7.0-3	ld: cvsgraph.o: undefined reference to symbol 'sin@@GLIBC_2.2.5'	Log
ddccontrol	0.4.2-11	i2c-algo-bit.c:507: undefined reference to `readbytes'	Log	757268
deborphan	1.7.28.8	deborphan.c:179: undefined reference to `xmalloc'	Log	757276
debram	1.0.3-0.2	conv.c:131: undefined reference to `unlat1'	Log	757277
dialign-t	1.0.2-2	diag.c:1845: undefined reference to `find_diags_dialign'	Log	757281
driftnet	1.1-1	driftnet.c:100: undefined reference to `packetcapture_dispatch'	Log
efibootmgr	0.5.4-7	disk.c:154: undefined reference to `get_scsi_pci'	Log	753644
eggdrop	1.6.20-1	match.c:436: undefined reference to `cron_matchfld'	Log	757400
einspline	0.9.2-1	time_multi.c:107: undefined reference to `eval_UBspline_1d_s_vg'	Log
eterm	0.9.6-1	./.libs/libEterm.so: undefined reference to `posix_get_pty'	Log
excellent-bifurcation	0.0.20071015-5	display_init.c:(.text+0x3f69): undefined reference to `xpart'	Log	757406
ffgtk	0.8.1-3	audio.c:249: undefined reference to `bitinverse'	Log
flow-tools	1:0.68-12.1	ftfil.c:3094: undefined reference to `eval_match_src_as'	Log	757408
freecdb	0.75	cdbmake.c:59: undefined reference to `getch'	Log	757409
freerdp	1.0.2-2	../../libfreerdp-core/libfreerdp-core.so.1.0.2: undefined reference to `update_read_delta_points'	Log
garden-of-coloured-lights	1.0.8-1	enemy.c:4421: undefined reference to `ypart'	Log	757422
gargoyle-free	2011.1-2	terps/nitfol/op_math.c:(.text+0x2d): undefined reference to `set_var'	Log	757426
genius	1.0.14-1	gtkplot3d.c:1749: undefined reference to `roundint'	Log
gimp	2.8.6-1	gimp.c:256: undefined reference to `xcf_init'	Log
gimp-plugin-registry	5.20120621	ld: /tmp/fix-ca-ENBomS.o: undefined reference to symbol 'floor@@GLIBC_2.2.5'	Log	758451
gnac	0.2.4-1	profiles/gnac-profiles-default.c:(.text+0x1ac): undefined reference to `libgnac_critial_real'	Log
gngb	20060309-3	interrupt.c:237: undefined reference to `get_nb_spr'	Log	757486
gnokii	0.6.30+dfsg-1	xgnokii.c:1187: undefined reference to `GUI_HideAbout'	Log	757494
goocanvas	0.15-1	ld: demo.o: undefined reference to symbol 'sin@@GLIBC_2.2.5'	Log
gpaint	0.3.3-6	ld: image.o: undefined reference to symbol 'sin@@GLIBC_2.2.5'	Log
gtkgl2	2.0.1-2	ld: zktor.o: undefined reference to symbol 'sin@@GLIBC_2.2.5'	Log
hlbr	1.7.2-2	url.c:56: undefined reference to `isencoded'	Log
html-xml-utils	6.4-1	hxindex.c:441: undefined reference to `min'	Log	757816
irda-utils	0.9.18-12	irlap.c:(.text+0x509): undefined reference to `parse_i_frame'	Log
jackd2	1.9.9.5+20130622git7de15e7a-1	../common/memops.c:(.text+0x14ac): undefined reference to `fast_rand'	Log	757820
kbdd	0.6-4	libkbdd.c:162: undefined reference to `_init_windows'	Log
latrine	0.10.2-1	latrine.c:185: undefined reference to `MALLOC'	Log
le	1.14.9-1	user.cc:1630: undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned long)'	Log
lftp	4.4.8-1	PtyShell.cc:188: undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned long)'	Log
libgtkada	2.24.1-8	misc.c:1552: undefined reference to `ada_gdk_invalid_guint_value'	Log
liblqr	0.4.1-2	lqr_energy.c:(.text+0xbd): undefined reference to `lqr_pixel_get_norm'	Log	757832
libmnl	1.0.3-3	genl-family-get.c:194: undefined reference to `mnl_nlmsg_put_header'	Log
libnetfilter-acct	1.0.1-2	nfacct-get.c:52: undefined reference to `nfacct_nlmsg_build_hdr'	Log
libnetfilter-cthelper	1.0.0-1	nfct-helper-get.c:47: undefined reference to `nfct_helper_nlmsg_build_hdr'	Log
libnetfilter-cttimeout	1.0.0-2	nfct-timeout-add.c:35: undefined reference to `nfct_timeout_alloc'	Log
librsync	0.9.7-10	./.libs/librsync.so: undefined reference to `rs_appendflush'	Log
libupnp4	1.8.0~svn20100507-1.2	./.libs/libupnp4.so: undefined reference to `get_content_type'	Log
lincity	1.13.1-11	lcx11.c:471: undefined reference to `pixmap_index'	Log	757859
lirc	0.9.0~pre1-1	transmit.c:389: undefined reference to `send_code'	Log
lives	2.0.5~ds0-1	saveplay.c:1628: undefined reference to `count_virtual_frames'	Log
lldpad	0.9.44-1	lldp_8021qaz_cmds.c:394: undefined reference to `get_prio_map'	Log
log4cplus	1.0.4-1	loggingserver.cxx:52: undefined reference to `log4cplus::helpers::Socket::~Socket()'	Log
lrzip	0.608-2	runzip.c:351: undefined reference to `clear_tmpinbuf'	Log
ltris	1.0.18-1	bowl.c:(.text+0x2951): undefined reference to `delay_reset'	Log
lv2proc	0.4.0-4	ld: main.o: undefined reference to symbol 'roundf@@GLIBC_2.2.5'	Log
mailutils	1:2.99.98-1	python.c:31: undefined reference to `log_to_stderr'	Log
maq	0.7.1-5	get_pos.c:33: undefined reference to `assemble_fill_buffer'	Log
mediatomb	0.12.1-4	webserver.c:661: undefined reference to `get_content_type'	Log
memcached	1.4.13-0.2	memcached.c:1541: undefined reference to `llvm_gcda_start_file'	Log
mercator	0.3.0-2	../Mercator/.libs/libmercator-0.3.so: undefined reference to `WFMath::AxisBox<2> WFMath::BoundingBox<2, std::vector>(std::vector, std::allocator > const&)'	Log
meterbridge	0.9.2-11	linedraw.c:64: undefined reference to `set_rgba'	Log
mgetty	1.1.36-1.6	pbm2g3.c:(.text+0x349): undefined reference to `putwhitespan'	Log
minbar	0.2.1-7	ld: minbar-main.o: undefined reference to symbol 'sin@@GLIBC_2.2.5'	Log
minidlna	1.0.24+dfsg-1	tagutils-asf.c:213: undefined reference to `fget_le32'	Log
mirrormagic	2.0.2.0deb1-11	text.c:63: undefined reference to `ClearRectangle'	Log
mm3d	1.3.7-1.4	keycfg.cc:(.text+0x817c): undefined reference to `llvm_gcda_start_file'	Log
mona	1.4-13-3	../DFA/.libs/libmonadfa.so: undefined reference to `make_loop'	Log
mpich	1.2.7-10	ad_hints.c:(.text+0x2b3): undefined reference to `PMPI_Info_get'	Log
mz	0.40-1	mops_checksums.c:91: undefined reference to `mops_hton4'	Log
netpipes	4.2-6	faucet.c:192: undefined reference to `get_port'	Log
netrek-client-cow	3.3.0-3	redraw.c:90: undefined reference to `clearLocal'	Log
nfdump	1.6.8p1-1	collector.c:394: undefined reference to `condense_v6'	Log
notify-osd	0.9.34-2	bubble.c:2110: undefined reference to `llvm_gcda_start_file'	Log
ogre	1.7.4+dfsg1-7	tss.hpp:84: undefined reference to `boost::detail::get_tss_data(void const*)'	Log
ogre-1.8	1.8.0+dfsg1-3	tss.hpp:84: undefined reference to `boost::detail::get_tss_data(void const*)'	Log
oidentd	2.0.8-5	oidentd_user_db.c:99: undefined reference to `randval'	Log
opensm	3.2.6-20090317-2.1	osmtest.c:3889: undefined reference to `osmtest_path_rec_key_get'	Log
openvswitch	1.4.2+git20120612-9.1	| conftest.c:(.text+0x4): undefined reference to `pow'	Log
overgod	1.0-2	actor.c:1018: undefined reference to `xpart'	Log
owfs	2.8p15-1	libow.so: undefined reference to `my_rwlock_write_lock'	Log
padevchooser	0.9.4-1.1	ld: browser.o: undefined reference to symbol 'pa_log_level_meta'	Log
pads	1.2-11	output.c:148: undefined reference to `find_asset'	Log
pcsxr	1.9.92-4	psxinterpreter.c:399: undefined reference to `doBranch'	Log
pmk	0.10.4-1	detect_cpu.c:486: undefined reference to `x86_check_cpuid_flag'	Log
pork	0.99.8.1-2.1	pork_aim.c:1803: undefined reference to `screen_cmd_output'	Log
pqiv	0.12-1	pqiv.c:1792: undefined reference to `doJumpDialog'	Log
predict	2.2.3-3.1	ld: comms.o: undefined reference to symbol 'sin@@GLIBC_2.2.5'	Log
presage	0.8.8-1	ld: ./.libs/libscintilla.a(libscintilla_la-PlatGTK.o): undefined reference to symbol 'lround@@GLIBC_2.2.5'	Log
primaxscan	0.93beta3-10	primax_scan.c:549: undefined reference to `init_timer'	Log
ptouch-driver	1.3-6	rastertoptch.c:808: undefined reference to `emit_feed_cut_mirror'	Log
qhull	2009.1-3	ld: rbox.o: undefined reference to symbol 'floor@@GLIBC_2.2.5'	Log
quarry	0.2.0.dfsg.1-4	parse-list.c:891: undefined reference to `association_list_find_association'	Log
ratbox-services	1.2.4-2	service.c:829: undefined reference to `string_to_array'	Log
recode	3.6-20	./.libs/librecode.so: undefined reference to `aliases_lookup'	Log
redhat-cluster	3.1.8-1.1	main.c:978: undefined reference to `get_time'	Log
reiserfsprogs	1:3.6.21-1	prints.c:623: undefined reference to `misc_device_rdev'	Log
repsnapper	0+git20130603.7c690471-1	printlines_antiooze.cpp:266: undefined reference to `PLine<3ul>::length() const'	Log
rkward	0.6.1-1	rkstructuregetter.cpp:199: undefined reference to `R_data_class(SEXPREC*, Rboolean)'	Log
s51dude	0.2.0-1.1	usbtiny.c:73: undefined reference to `print_error'	Log
screader	1.8-7	screader.c:(.text+0x14f3): undefined reference to `Auto_TTS'	Log
sdlbasic	0.0.20070714-5	SDLengine.c:267: undefined reference to `Mix_OpenAudio'	Log
shell-fm	0.7+git20100414-1	play.c:(.text+0x108f): undefined reference to `scale'	Log
sipsak	0.9.6-2.1	helper.c:421: undefined reference to `srv_ruli'	Log
slirp	1:1.0.17-7	if.c:226: undefined reference to `slirp_remque'	Log
squeak-plugins-scratch	1.4.0.2~svn.r83-2	sqCamera-linux.c:(.text+0x2dd): undefined reference to `camIsOpen'	Log
tabble	0.43-2	add_stuff.c:335: undefined reference to `scaled_icon'	Log
tarantool	1.4.9+20130611.2012-1	util.c:330: undefined reference to `bfd_init'	Log
tcpick	0.2.1-6	loop.c:101: undefined reference to `verify'	Log
teeworlds	0.6.2+dfsg-1	netban.h:181: undefined reference to `CNetBan::CBanPool::Reset()'	Log
texmacs	1:1.0.7.18-1	./Plugins/Qt/QTMStyle.cpp:(.text+0x1672): undefined reference to `QPainterPath::closeSubpath()'	Log	756333
tinyscheme	1.41-1	scheme.o:(.data+0x168): undefined reference to `is_macro'	Log
trousers	0.3.10-3	tcsps.c:595: undefined reference to `write_data'	Log
tuxonice-userui	1.1-1	parse.c:458: undefined reference to `malloc'	Log
uaputl	1.12-2	uaputl.c:(.text+0x6221): undefined reference to `has_dup_channel'	Log
udftools	1.0.0b3-14.2	mkudffs.c:104: undefined reference to `query_lvidiu'	Log
usermode	1.109-1	userhelper.c:236: undefined reference to `powl'	Log
uswsusp	1.0+20120915-3	resume.c:471: undefined reference to `open_printk'	Log
velvet	1.2.03~nozlibcopy-1	src/run.c:(.text+0x3f1): undefined reference to `isCreateBinary'	Log
vtun	3.0.3-2	main.c:155: undefined reference to `clear_nat_hack_flags'	Log
weplab	0.1.5-2	bruteforce.c:211: undefined reference to `IncrementKeyOptimized'	Log
whowatch	1.6.0a-2	screen.c:232: undefined reference to `scr_line'	Log
wizznic	0.9.2-preview2+dfsg-1.1	waveimg.c:(.text+0x161): undefined reference to `freadPixel'	Log
wmifs	1.3b1-22	misc.c:122: undefined reference to `list_cons'	Log
wmitime	0.3-11	misc.c:122: undefined reference to `list_cons'	Log
wmmon	1.1+20120402-1	../wmgeneral/misc.c:(.text+0x15c): undefined reference to `list_cons'	Log
wmppp.app	1.3.0-8	misc.c:122: undefined reference to `list_cons'	Log
wmressel	0.8-5	misc.c:122: undefined reference to `list_cons'	Log
wmtime	1.0b2-10	../wmgeneral/misc.c:(.text+0x15c): undefined reference to `list_cons'	Log
xastir	2.0.0-2	maps.c:(.text+0x903c): undefined reference to `max_i'	Log
xdms	1.3.2-6	u_heavy.c:62: undefined reference to `decode_c'	Log
xfce4-places-plugin	1.5.0-1	support.c:155: undefined reference to `places_bookmark_action_create'	Log
xjadeo	0.7.0-1	display_x11.c:910: undefined reference to `xv_draw_colorkey'	Log
xl2tpd	1.3.1+dfsg-1	control.c:(.text+0x234d): undefined reference to `check_control'	Log
xmorph	1:20090926	loadsave_mesh.c:103: undefined reference to `showerr'	Log
xqf	1.0.5-3	config.c:297: undefined reference to `get_debug_level'	Log

147 errors

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